A Critical
History of South Asia
Introduction: S. Asia 1000-1206:
Below seen crossing
the river Ganges Akbar’s Indian empire was like a grid of imperial towns, roads
and markets which pressed heavily on existing society and modified it, though
only at certain points. For not even Akbar could guarantee safe passage through
the interior of India. William Hawkins, a British merchant making his way
inland from the port of Surat in the year 1609, reported how he was forced to
hire a troop of 50 soldiers to protect his caravan, since 'the country is so
full of outlaws and thieves that a man cannot stir out of doors without great
forces'. From the time of Akbar’s death in1605 on the ‘Moghul Empire’
would gradually fall apart only to be re-integrated later by the British East
India Company-during the 18th Century. There was a Persian invasion in the
1740's. It all started when Bombay, a Portuges
Colony, became British in 1661, when it passed to Charles II as part of the
dowry of Catherine of Braganza. Finding the cost of maintaining the place
prohibitive, the Monarch leased it to the East India Company in 1668. There was
a Persian invasion in the 1740's, and what the centrifugal tendencies of the
empire concerned power was devided between the nawabs
(Moghul provincial governors) and the Marathas who owed allegiance to a
potentate known as the Peshwa of Poona. And originally appearing as a Hindu
sect, the Sikhs in the sixteenth century formed a milita,
hood, had no castes, and turned against the Moghuls forming a third power. By
the 1750s, when the final disintegration of the Mughal state began, both the
English and the French East India companies had transformed themselves into
minor powers along the coast. At the end of the century a momentous acquisition
was made when the company was allowed to occupy Fort William, which it had
built at Calcutta. And in 'One body corporate and politic': 2005, Philip
Jared Stern described the East India Company in the later seventeenth century
as “a State in the disguise of a Merchant” replicating the remarks of Adam
Smith and Edmund Burke who inveighed against the perversion, as they saw it, of
a body of traders that "turned sovereign". And
Burke sought the impeachement of the companies Governor,
Warren-Hastings...
History of Globalization: In and out of India P.1: The First Trade-Wars.
History of Globalization: In and out of India P.2: The First
Multinational Companies.
Most US Newspapers, plus major newspapers in
India have been reporting
about Hindutva’s attempt to hijack California school textbooks.
While few people
understand the wider background of Hindutva as a political religion here the first in
depth study on the internet today.
Promoted by Indian
(and Chinese) nationalists today, it gives a sowewhat
twisted political spin to what at best is a complex scientific story. Click to
see a current overview of Archeological research per 2005:
Archaeology is mainly
about our own culture in the present, rather than about past cultures (since
what matters about recalling the past is who remembers what and how at any
given point in time and space), collective memories often imply a particular
image of archaeology. In fact a look at archaeological sites and artifacts in
past and present, show that their meanings have varied enormously, and also
today they mean different things to different people.
The
Delhi High Court Thursday issued notices to producers of 'Mangal Pandey - The
Rising', sought a permanent injunction on the screening of 'The Rising'. The
‘most expensive’ Indian movie opened recently in London and New York, and in
India itself "The
Rising" was also timed with a book about the 1857 incident. Come out! Get ready! It's for our religion! From
biting these cartridges we shall become infidels!' On a sleepy Sunday
afternoon in March 1857, an agitated sepoy in the English East India
Company's 34th Native Infantry marched on to the parade ground in
Barrackpore, exhorting his comrades to join him in protecting their religion
from the Europeans. Although part folklore, there are many ''Alhas'' (folk-songs) telling the story about Pandey's
life , how he joined the British Army and his participation in the annexation
of Awadh which changed his attitude towards the ''goras''.
Thus it is not surprising that the issue has raised controversy not only in
the UK, but also in India. Fact is, the British Sepoys (derived from the
Persian sipah, meaning "soldier") at the
time, were obtained from the nawab of Avadh. (see P. Barua, The State at War
in S.Asia, 2005, p.56.) The Partition of S.Asia/ Shameful Flight by
Stanley Wolpert, 2005 August
9, 2005: Stanley Wolpert uses as a starting
point for his new book the exclamation by Winston Churchill that it was a
"shameful flight". Next Wolpert places much of the blame on Lord
Louis Mountbatten, the cousin of the king, for the drawing of border lines
through the middle of Punjab and Bengal. Although it is true that as Wolpert
shows, civil unrest among Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs escalated as
Independence Day approached, he fails to detail much of the reason for the
partition. So let us start with the most important one,
language. |
22
July, 2005: On Thursday July 21, 2005, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,
a day after his meeting with President G. Bush at the White House warned that
rising violence in Kashmir could jeopardise peace
talks with Pakistan. For first reactions in India click: Similar
to Europe where ‘signioral castles’ became
increasingly vulnerability of to the field artillery maintained by king and
queens, from the middle of the fifteenth century onwards. This became a
crucial factor in the rise of centralized monarchical states all over the
world. Thus were early 2005, I pointed out that a gendered/racial categorization of the Indian populace by the British
gave rise to several stereotypes like the manly Sikh, the devious Maratha,
and the loyal Gurkha. And
although recent criticism by the BBC stating 'soldiers did not burn villages
when the inhabitants refused to grow opium', seems valid. Viewing "The
Rising," one can ad that it was partly as a reaction
to the warfare 'with France in Europe', that 'The British Company' proceeded
to involve itself more actively with 'local politics.' This becomes
particularly apparent when one doesn't only consult British, but also French
sources as I am
doing in this case. |
The Secret Backround of the Kashmir Problem
P.2: The ferocity of
the May 11, 1857, Hindu and Muslim sepoy-mutiny in India, provoked a crisis of
national conscience and a series of searing if often painfully ambivalent
condemnations of British actions in India both prior to and during the war. The
dissident, disillusioned, antipatriotic strain of Victorian "mutiny
writing," in fact was, a forerunner of modern-day antiwar literature and
the modern critique of racism.
On the
right uncovered by the December tsunami in Mahabalipuram, 70km south of
Madras, are the remnants of a stone house and a half-completed rock elephant
from the Pallava dynasty. There are also two giant
granite lions, one seated and another poised to charge, recognized as the
site of some of the greatest architectural and sculptural achievements in
India. The Pallava dynasty dominated much of
South India from as early as the first century BC to eighth century AD and
Mahabalipuram is now recognised as the site of some
of the greatest sculptural achievements in India. European mariners and
travelers, who visited Mahabalipuram in the 18th century, wrote about the
existence of “seven pagodas”. On February 11, a team of divers
Archaeologists dived to re-discover the ancient port city, submerged off the
coast of Tamil Nadu, India, picture on the left. Although
local archeologists have fully explained it, the fact that the ruins of the
coast here in
Mahabalipuram are of
the same temple complex as the remaining shore temple has raised renewed
speculations about the lost continent of the Tamils elsewhere called, Lemuria
. Though some conceded that it might be far-fetched to insist that mankind
first emerged on Lemuria, given that geologists claimed that it had submerged
before the appearance of humans on Earth, the Government of Tamilnadu in 1975 insisted that Dravidians (and hence
Tamil speakers) are the most ancient peoples of the subcontinent (Government
of Tamilnadu, Tamilnâttu Varalâru: Tolpalarikalam,
History of Tamilnadu: Prehistoric times,
Madras,1975, 124). In addition to naming, claiming, and commemorating,
place-making is a also way of constructing history itself, of inventing it,
of fashioning novel versions of `what happened here. Click to enter the Tamil
lost world plus an overview of Atlantis and Lemuria: |
A
reason cited for A.V.Advanis attempt to excape the BJP he leads, is a lawsuit he has not been able to
block any longer. I
start with a first hand look at one of its
sub-groups that co-defender in this case is the 'World Hindu
Council': Bengal: Making a New Hinduism: Following
is a critical assessment also of the Advani Government with research that I
started one year ago (September 2004) when they were still in power, and
completed by June 2005, when Advani first announced his resignation Politics or Culture?: The Making of Religion
in India Today, P.1: Politics or Culture?: The Making of Religion
in India Today, P.2 Politics or Culture?: Hindu and
Muslim Fundamentalism Today |
A picture taken in
present day Assam-India of the Ahom/ Phake (the Ahom
kingdom grew out of the Mon and Khmer kingdoms from around 1000 A.D.).
Other ethnic minorities in Assam are Aiton and Khamti comparable to the ‘hill tribes’ still living also in
Burma and N. Thailand.
Reformed Aryans, in East and West
At Nuremberg, twenty men were tried and eleven were
executed for their active involvement in the brutal mechanism of the Third
Reich.
Reformed
Aryans, in East and West: Seek Mason, Will Travel By the mid-19th century Freemasonry was permeating
Bombay's intellectual atmosphere with its ideas of a "religion"
underlying all religions, and individual and societal perfectibility. Reformed
Aryans, in East and West: Polynesian Aryans British India was the site of imperial innovation
and intellectual endeavour, standing at the centre of numerous imperial circuits of exchange,
including the expansive and dense personal, publishing, governmental and
cultural networks that transmitted Aryanism from British India into
South-East Asia, the Pacific and beyond. Reformed
Aryans, in East and West: Aryan Christianity Voltaire hoped to prove
how all the principles of Christian theology that had been lost with the
Veda, could still be found in the “Ezour Vedam”, thanks to its retrieval and circulation by a
French ‘philosophe’. |
Reformed
Aryans, in East and West: The Anti Aryan Myth The message of The Arctic Home of the Vedas was
tailor-made to appeal to the chauvinism of the orthodox community. While its
pseudoscientific thesis in no way revolutionized the way historians view the
Vedic period, Tilak's theory did have significant implications: The Vedic
texts need not be deciphered. Reformed
Aryans, in East and West: Are you a Sikh? In the spring of 1878, Madame Blavatsky wrote to a
follower of Swami Dayananda Sarasvati leader of the reform group the Arya
Samaj: “Is our friend a Sikh? If so, the fact he should be, as you say, 'very
much pleased to learn the object of our Society' is not at all strange. Reformed Aryans,
in East and West: The Orion Myth R.C. Majumdar's
view that Indians knew little of their history in the early nineteenth
century, prior to the impact of Western scholarship, may seem brusque. |
Two opposing ideas of
India have emerged: ethnoreligious nationalism versus civic nationalism. This
struggle for India’s soul now threatens to hollow out and destroy the unique
concepts bestowed upon the nation at Independence: pluralism, secularism,
inclusive nationhood. The Constitution is under siege; institutions are
undermined; mythical pasts propagated; universities assailed; minorities
demonized, and worse. Tharoor shows how these new attacks threaten the ideals
India has long been admired for, as authoritarian leaders and their supporters
push the country towards illiberalism and intolerance. If they succeed,
millions will be stripped of their identity, and bogus theories of Indianness
will take root in the soil of the subcontinent.
For more about this, continue to our
overview about India:
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